Interpret carefully and apply in a sound and logical way of provisions in Standard Method of Measurement of building works. Ensure a high standard of accuracy in dimensions. Make full use of sub-headings throughout the dimensions to facilitate identification and waste to preliminary calculations, explanatory notes and location description.
All descriptions should be adequate, concise and written in a logical and easily understood format following the sequence adopted in SMM. Adopt a logical sequence of items so that each one following the preceding one in a natural progression.
Seek to achieve a good standard of presentation. The billed description is to be comprehensive and sufficient to enable the estimator to fully understand what is required and to give a realistic price. This dimension sheet is split into two identically ruled parts each consisting of four columns as follows:- 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Actual dimension as scaled or taken direct from the drawing are entered here.
In which the right description of each item is entered. Also, the right hand side of this column is used to accommodate preliminary calculations and other important information. Entering of Dimensions:- a Order of Dimensions- For convenience a constant order of entering dimensions should be maintained throughout i. For example: Concrete item is measured in cubic meter. Say concrete with 10m long, mm wide and deep will be entered as follows:- Grade 20 in foundations b Spacing of items - It is essential that ample space is left between all items on the dimension sheets so that it is possible to enable any items which may have been omitted when the dimensions were first taken off to be subsequently inserted without cramping the dimension disproportionately.
Grade 20 in foundations c Waste - The right hand side of the description column is used for preliminary calculations, built up lengths, explanation notes, location of measured work etc. This should not be overlooked. All steps that have been taken in arriving at dimensions, no matter how elementary or trivial they may appear should be entered in the waste section.
Grade 20 in beds There are standard and acceptable abbreviations used in measurement such as follows:- conc. When measuring areas of excavation, concrete oversite, blockwork etc the best practice is to measure the full area in the first instance and, subsequently adjust for any voids or openings.
Measurement of Irregular figures It is often necessary to measure the areas of triangles and circles, the circumferences of circles and volumes of cylinders, etc. Alterations to dimensions It is sometimes necessary to substitute amended dimensions in place of those which have already been entered on the dimension paper. It is advised never to alter the original figures, as apart from looking most untidy it is often extremely difficult to read between the lines the correct figures.
If it is necessary to amend figures the better procedure is to cross out the original figures and neatly write the new figures above them.
Figured Dimensions When taking-off it is most desirable to use figured dimensions on the drawing in preference to scaling, as the drawing are almost invariably in the form of prints, which are not always true-to-scale.
Sheets should be suitably headed with the title and section of the job at the top and numbered at the bottom. Example Drawing 10, doors section can be seen as below. Site Clearance 1. Doors At the top of the first dimension sheet for a job, it is good practice to enter a list of the drawings from which the measurements have been taken with the precise drawing number of each contract drawing carefully recorded.
In simple building the order of taking off would probably be as follows:- a. Site clearance b. Foundations c. Blockwork d. Floors e. Roof f. Windows h. Doors i. Fittings j. Plumbing installation k. Drainage work l. Other services electrical etc m. External works roads, paths, fences and grassed areas 7. Descriptions a. General requirements — description must abide with or cover all matters detailed in the SMM and include all information which the estimator will require to build-up a realistic price for the item in question.
Order of wording — the first few words of a description should clearly indicate the nature of the item being described.
Number of units — in some cases it necessary to give the number of units involved in a superficial or linear item, in order that the estimator can determine the average area or length of unit being priced. Building construction can be divided into two faces namely,- the Substructure and the Superstructure. The constructions after the foundations are of the Superstructure. This simplifies the process and reduces the risk of omission of items. This is given in square meters. The area is measured in square meters to the extremities of the foundations and the average depth, often mm, is included in the description together with the method of disposal on the site.
Excavation and Earthworks:- SMM D5 — D15 i Excavation to reduce levels - Where the site is sloping and further excavation is required to reduce the level of the ground down to the specified formation level, this excavation is measured as surface excavation in square meters when not exceeding mm in depth, otherwise in cubic meters.
Measurement of Earthwork The following is an example of measuring the volume of earthworks on sloping sites: It is frequently difficulty in measuring the volume of earthworks, particularly on sloping sites.
The following examples are designed to indicate the main principles involved and generally clarity the method of approach.
In this case the whole of the site is to be excavated. The average depth of excavation over the site is most conveniently found by suitably weighting the depth at each point on the grid of levels, according to the area that each level affects. This involves taking the depths at the extreme corners of the area once, intermediate points on the boundary twice and all other intermediate points four times.
The sum of the weighted depths is divided by the total number of weightings number of squares x 4 to give the average weighted depth for the whole area. This method can only be used when the levels are spaced the same distance apart in both directions. For example for foundation trench 2m deep below the stripped level will have to be split in two sections:- 1 Not exceeding 1.
It is advisable to separate the trenches to external and internal walls. These are to be separated from normal excavations because they have different cost implication during pricing. Summarizing, and by this analysis of the two treatments, the 12 stages of physical healing are as follows, but not necessarily in Jamie Marich, an addiction and trauma clinician in recovery herself, builds necessary bridges between the step's core foundations and up-to-date developments in trauma-informed care.
In humans, the dating of abrasions is possible with histological examination by documenting the stages of healing. The first stage is scab formation. The deposit of serum, red cells, and fibrin indicate survival after the injury.
White, P. For how to heal the hurts of children and our own inner child , cf. I have had some profound experiences while being treated Zhong, M. Self-healable, super tough graphene oxide—poly acrylic acid nanocomposite hydrogels facilitated by dual cross-linking effects through dynamic ionic interactions.
B 3 , — Darabi, M. Skin-inspired multifunctional autonomic-intrinsic conductive self-healing hydrogels with pressure sensitivity, stretchability, and 3D printability.
He, L. Ahn, B. Surface-initiated self-healing of polymers in aqueous media. A highly stretchable autonomous self-healing elastomer. Li, Z. Reversible phase transition of robust luminescent hybrid hydrogels. Rodell, C. Injectable and cytocompatible tough double-network hydrogels through tandem supramolecular and covalent crosslinking. Loebel, C. Shear-thinning and self-healing hydrogels as injectable therapeutics and for 3D-printing.
Chen, H. A rapidly self-healing supramolecular polymer hydrogel with photostimulated room-temperature phosphorescence responsiveness. Highly flexible, tough, and self-healing supramolecular polymeric materials using host—guest interaction. Burdick, J. Hyaluronic acid hydrogels for biomedical applications. Highley, C. Direct 3D printing of shear-thinning hydrogels into self-healing hydrogels. Hybrid supramolecular and colloidal hydrogels that bridge multiple length scales.
Matson, J. Self-assembling peptide scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Emerging peptide nanomedicine to regenerate tissues and organs. Liu, J. Tough supramolecular polymer networks with extreme stretchability and fast room-temperature self-healing. Eisenberg, A. Ions in Polymers American Chemical Society, Kalista, S. Thermal characteristics of the self-healing response in poly ethylene- co -methacrylic acid copolymers.
Jr, Ward, T. Self-healing of poly ethylene-co-methacrylic acid copolymers following projectile puncture. Huang, Y. Self-assembly of stiff, adhesive and self-healing gels from common polyelectrolytes. Langmuir 30 , — Reisch, A. Bin Ihsan, A.
Self-healing behaviors of tough polyampholyte hydrogels. Macromolecules 49 , — Lopez-Perez, P. Self-healing hydrogels formed by complexation between calcium ions and bisphosphonate-functionalized star-shaped polymers. Macromolecules 50 , — Cao, Y. A transparent, self-healing, highly stretchable ionic conductor. Das, A. Ionic modification turns commercial rubber into a self-healing material. Mei, J. Vaiyapuri, R. Molecular recognition between functionalized gold nanoparticles and healable, supramolecular polymer blends-a route to property enhancement.
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You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Marek W. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Reprints and Permissions. Wang, S. Self-healing polymers. Nat Rev Mater 5, — Download citation. Accepted : 17 April Published : 05 June Issue Date : August Take five minutes and search online for something humorous. It might be an excerpt from a television show, a medical humor website, a risqu limerick, or a knock-knock joke you can share with your kids.
Just find something that gives you a good belly laugh. Veterans Crisis Line: Press 1. Complete Directory. If you are in crisis or having thoughts of suicide, visit VeteransCrisisLine. Quick Links.
A merry heart doeth good like a medicine. Bible, Proverbs A patient walks into a clinic, terribly anxious. Mindful Awareness Moment Pay attention for a day to how much humor and laughter is in your life. How many times do you have a good laugh? Is it enough? How often do you make others laugh? How often for your colleagues, and how often for patients? Do you make family members and friends laugh? Who makes you laugh? Do you ever use dark humor to cope with stresses at work?
Are you careful to laugh with patients and colleagues, rather than at them? Do you ever recommend more humor as part of a treatment plan? Do you think that laughter truly is the best medicine? My son just swallowed a roll of film! Hell be fine. Lets just wait and see what develops. Physiological Changes Laughter has physiological effects; it changes body chemistry and brain function.
For example: [3] [4] Laughter increases heart and respiratory rates as well as oxygen consumption over a short period. After these initial changes, a person moves into a state of relaxation.
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